Traffic and Urban Congestion 1955

Traffic and Urban Congestion: 1955-1970 Essay In 1960, Great Britain despite everything had no urban interstates. However, with the responsibility for vehicles getting always normal, the issue of clog in British urban areas was unavoidable. Examining the conceivable outcomes of interstates as alleviators of enormous city automobile overloads, the administration supported Buchanan Report was skeptical: the examination shows the truly considerable likely develop of traffic as vehicular possession and use increment to the most extreme. The convenience of the maximum capacity is in all likelihood past any viable chance of being figured it out. There is along these lines no getting away from the need to consider how much and by what implies the maximum capacity is to be curtailed.1. We will compose a custom article on Traffic and Urban Congestion: 1955-1970 explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now In the decades going before this investigation, Americans confronted a lot of a similar issue with transportation in their urban communities. Be that as it may, the American arrangement for managing urban blockage in the vehicle age was totally different. In 1954, President Eisenhower recommended that metropolitan zone blockage be unraveled by a fabulous arrangement for an appropriately verbalized parkway framework. In 1956, the House Committee on Public Works asked extraordinary advances, cautioning that in any case roads turned parking lots will before long deteriorate our developing economy.2. Going up against the equivalent problemurban traffic congestionthe British and the American governments reacted with drastically various arrangements. In Britain, clog in urban communities was comprehended to mean an abundance of vehicles entering urban areas. The issue, to British organizers, was to lessen relative dependence on the private vehicle so as to permit better development of traffic. Be that as it may, in the U.S., organizers deciphered blockage as a sign that streets were deficient and needing improvement. Despite automobile overloads, the British would in general say, such a large number of vehicles! while the Americans would state, lacking roads!U.S. urban transportation strategy was molded by this propensity, from its roots during the 1940s until the mid 1960s. This paper makes a twin contention. To start with, the manner by which U.S. urban transportation strategy was planned during the 1940s and 1950s blocked the British arrangement. Notwithstanding the overall bene fits of the British and American methodologies, demoralizing the utilization of the vehicle was impossible American approach creators could consider. The American political culture could consider enormous scope residential undertakings just with the collaboration of the private part, and in the U.S. this implied to a great extent car intrigue gatherings. The subsequent point is that American urban transportation strategy withdrew from this situation during the 1960s. By the 1970s U.S. strategy was substantially more like Great Britains. In 1975, official Department of Transportation strategy perceived the car as a significant supporter of . . . clog, and it encouraged State and nearby networks to reevaluate a portion of the interstate arranging previously done as such as to decide whether a specific roadway despite everything offers the best transportation alternative.3. Be that as it may, American urban areas had just been relying upon an expressway based transportation framework b y the mid 1960s, and the entrenched car pattern was irreversable. The volume of engine vehicle traffic in U.S. urban areas in 1970 was more than over multiple times what it had been in 1950, while the quantity of travelers carried on urban rail frameworks had fallen by 66%. City transport ridership was somewhere near half over a similar period. The foundation of the turnpike as the important transportation framework in American citiesand of the private vehicle as the essential modewas a cultivated certainty by the late 1960s.4. The arrangement changes started in the mid 1960s came past the point where it is possible to change the overwhelmingly car based urban transportation framework. One can prevent the essentialness from claiming the change on the grounds of its lateness. In any case, a significant inquiry stays unanswered: for what reason did government transportation strategy invert itself and desire a reexamining of arranged turnpike ventures? How did organizers get from the insuf-ficient streets understanding of blockage to the an excessive number of vehicles perspective?This article proposes a few clarifications. To some extent, the lacking streets see, when actualized, involved its own death. Advertisers of urban thruways recognized that intense advances were important to permit moderately free development of cars in urban areas. These means, to be sufficiently uncommon to work, additionally must be sufficiently extreme to make discussion and resistance where little or none had existed previously. On the off chance that, as New Yorks extraordinary street manufacturer, Robert Moses, proposed, organizers would need to hack their way with a meat hatchet to construct roadways in urban communities, at that point they could anticipate that expressway rivals should turn out to be similarly inflexible in their opposition.5. After a lot of hacking, neighborhood resistance, lawful limitations, and court choices dulled the axs edge. .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 , .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .postImageUrl , .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 , .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7:hover , .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7:visited , .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7:active { border:0!important; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7:active , .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7:hover { darkness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-embellishment: underline; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-adornment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6 b17c4e80bcb28c4a7 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u60cdc5dc4ad68d6b17c4e80bcb28c4a7:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Islamic Architecture Analysis EssaySecond, the decentralized association of the U.S. political framework permitted numerous purposes of access to strategy making discussions for bunches contradicting explicit parkway ventures, bunches restricting the turnpike based urban transportation strategy, and gatherings advancing different types of urban travel. As right on time as 1959, San Franciscos regional government, under tension from its residents, restricted expressway extends inside its city limits. All through the 1960s and into the 1970s, different urban areas followed San Franciscos lead, battling ventures that were politically threatening.6. There is little record of state-level restriction to ventures, however this is justifiable taking into account the elevated level of state authority over thruway arranging. At the government level, from which most urban thruway cash came, unique plans, (for example, help to mass travel, expressway beautification, and expanded movement help to occupants uprooted by interstate activities) just as altogether resistance to roadways with respect to various conspicuous congressmen and congresspersons, served to debilitate the first parkways just administrative urban transportation strategy of the 1950s. Additionally imperative to the change was the expanding protection of government transportation policymaking during the 1960s from the intrigue bunches which had for all intents and purposes controlled it during the 1950s. At the point when Eisenhower and Congress collaborated to make an all around subsidized government urban transportation strategy, they asked private street building interests to work out the subtleties. Eisenhowers hesitance to extend the government organization required such a move. There was no government office concerned explicitly with urban transportation. The administrations expressway agencythe Bureau of Public Roadshistorically worried about rustic streets, leaving urban courses to civil governments. The BPR was underfunded thus it also depended on the guidance of industry. Interstate enterprises in this way had a case to ability that no administration organization could dispute.7. Through the span of the 1960s this circumstance changed impressively. With the finish of official branch hesitance to grow the organization, the national government started to make its own instruments of transportation policymaking, free of industry. In 1966, the as of late made government transportation organizations were united in the new Department of Transportation. With its overseers dependable to the president and with its own in-house ability, the Department was protected from the impact of roadway industry. The downfall of the expressways just arrangement stemmed additionally from genuine imperfections in the approach itself. From the finish of World War Two, the central government started a huge intercession in urban transportation, one which had increment

Taxation Law Implications on Investment

Question: Talk about the Taxation Law Implications on Investment. Answer: Presentation The accompanying task presents charge suggestions on venture procurement as for the arrangements and guidelines of Income Tax Assessment Act (ITAA), 1997 and set of accepted rules under TASA 2009. The report covers the conversation on lasting foundation in Australia through different merchants for Alex Tan and Ryan Tan, Singapore inhabitant siblings. The report expresses the perpetual foundation from Melbourne and Cambrai property tasks alongside the important assessment suggestions on the business activity salary. Further, the report presents the private status of the siblings and the important assessment risk in Australia as for the presentation in charge. Considering the procurement of properties and interest in protections the report features the use of capital increase tax collection runs according to ITAA 1997 for the offer of protections including the development and destruction of townhouses and hamburger business. Another piece of the report presents the duty suggestions on the removal of the townhouses as for the arrangements on salary from different sources. The assessees intended to arrange the townhouses to raise the necessary assets for the improvement of property in Cambrai including the acquisition of creatures for re-foundation of business crowd. Taking into account the standards of ITAA 1997, the report features the conversation on recognizable proof of activity from Cambrai property as business to profit the derivation of business misfortunes for future years. With the end goal of possibility subsidizing choices, the report presents the investigation and duty suggestions for the premium conclusion during the tax assessment year. Considering the obtaining of property and business activities of Alex and Ryan in Australia the task features the investigation of structure choices for charge obligation including the purposes of qualities and shortcomings of the potential alternatives. Changeless foundation in Australia According to the guidelines of ITAA 97, changeless foundation alludes to the spot at which the assessee conveys the business activities or the individual brings the business through an operator exposed to the lastingness of the spot. As per the segment 6(1) ITAA, 1997 lasting foundation can be fixed business spot, development or an organization that happens under the expense arrangements of Australia. Fixed spot of business comprises of three segments for example the business ought to be worked through a fixed or specific geographic territory alongside the degree of changelessness to the assessee (Chaudhri v FCT 2001 ATC 4214). Spot is another fundamental segment that includes offices or sources to lead the business exercises while third segment business alludes to the exercises to be continued mostly or entirely at the lasting spot (Higgins, Omer Phillips, 2015). Also, building site is viewed as perpetual foundation just if the residency of development is more or equivalent to the m easure of time referenced in the ITAA guidelines. Moreover, office alludes to the changeless foundation that is constrained by the head while exercises are attempted by the operators at a fixed spot of business. In like manner, negligible utilization of specialists would not bring about lasting foundation in Australia except if the models under segment 6(1) ITAA 97 is appropriately consented to since intermediaries are people help with securing the particular necessities at a given purpose of time against the financier charges (Chirico et al., 2015). Foundation and duty ramifications of Melbourne and Cambrai tasks In the current contextual analysis, Alex and Ryan intended to obtain two properties in Australia comprising of once-over surrendered processing plant in a suburb of Melbourne while the other was 5000 hectare ranch property close Cambrai. Considering the standards of ITAA 1997 area 6, lasting foundation alludes to the spot through which or the spot at which an individual conveys the business tasks. In current circumstance it has been seen that the two siblings chose to extend business activities in Australia and subsequently intended to secure two properties. It was concluded that the property in Melbourne would be re-built to assemble townhouses while the other property in Cambrai would be fixed for enhancements to convey the activities of business group. It has been seen that both the properties to be gained with the aim to make fixed spot to work business exercises and not brief. Further, the siblings themselves would direct procedure on both the properties and not through any spec ialist; thusly, ITAA 97 guideline on controlling the business doesn't emerge yet guideline of TASA 2009 is relevant (Mason Harrison, 2015). Since the measures of ITAA 1997 segment 6(1) has been agreed to as far as business activities at a fixed spot, the tasks in Melbourne and Cambrai will be viewed as changeless foundation. Salary from the business tasks from changeless foundation is available in Australia according to ITAA 1997 if the citizen has a place with the arrangement nation if the business movement is led through fixed spot in Australia. Further, increase or misfortune on special of advantages as a changeless foundation part would be available Under Capital Gain Taxation (CGT), ITAA 1997 including the documenting of Australian personal assessment form (Bimonte Stabile, 2015). Since, Alex and Ryan has a place with Singapore which is a bargain nation and the procedure on property held as lasting foundation in Australia, the siblings are at risk to pay burdens on salary from such activities according to ITAA 1997. Residency of the siblings and assessment introduction in Australia The siblings would be considered as Australian inhabitant for tax assessment reason on the off chance that they are really present in the nation for 183 days or all the more either constantly or with parts though the private status of changeless foundation would be independent substance (Johnson Poterba, 2016). In the given case, the length of the two siblings remain in Australia isn't referenced plainly thus it tends to be said that on the off chance that their stay is over 183 days, at that point Alex and Ryan would be considered as Australian occupant. In like manner, the siblings would be at risk to pay personal expenses emerge from tasks in Australia including some other pay emerging in the nation. In addition, perpetual foundation is viewed as a different element subsequently, the pay from such tasks would be available as business salary under Australian tax assessment framework. The benefit salary for example misfortune or increase from offer of benefits utilized in lasting fo undation activities would be available under Capital Gain Taxation. Utilization of CGT rules Benefit marked down of offers is available under CGT rules, ITAA 1997 if the offers held by the citizen as a venture either for present moment or for long haul. In the event that the offers are held for long haul then the cost component is decreased by applying indexation strategy at a particular tax collection rate according to ITAA 97. Despite what might be expected, on the off chance that the offers held for momentary period, at that point the indexation technique would not be material for diminishing the expense of securing shares. In addition, the salary discounted of offers procured under business exchanging then benefit or misfortune from the offer of such offers would be considered as standard business pay. Moreover, the net resources of the siblings all through South East Asia esteemed to $7.5 million and gained from their dad esteemed to $1 million that is situated in Singapore would be available according to the Singapore tax collection framework (Pomeranz, 2015). With the end goal of destruction and development of townhouses the siblings are qualified to guarantee conclusion on the off chance that they have fundamental living arrangement in Australia according to their decision under area 118-150 ITAA 97 (Ndikumana, 2015). Since the siblings don't possess any principle home in Australia, they are qualified for guarantee exclusion for the piece of townhouse to be utilized for private reason. Further, removal of townhouses and meat business would establish the assessment obligation for the siblings as indicated by common business pay under Australian Income Tax since the offer of townhouses and hamburger business would be done as a piece of business tasks. Offer portfolio Sum $ (million) Deals continues 1.75 Less: Brokerage 0.02 Less: Initial estimation of offers 0.63 Increase/(misfortune) discounted of offers 1.11 (Source: Created by creator) Alex and Ryan are required to pay charge on the salary from offer of offers under CGT ITAA 1997 at the pace of 33.33% as long haul resources. Be that as it may, the siblings are qualified to guarantee half conclusion on the available sum. Expense Implication on removal of townhouses The reason for getting the property, development of townhouses including the removal was to procure benefit and to bring assets up in normal interims for the siblings in Australia. The goal of raising assets incorporates the age of assets to do improvement and fix take a shot at Cambrai property to restore business group. Further, the expectation to sell the townhouses includes benefit winning and to raise assets at standard interims subsequently, the pay will be burdened as common business pay. Property valuation (benefit/misfortune) Cost of Fitzroy square 1.25 Business and charges 0.02 Destruction cost 0.26 Cost of development 0.04 Development Cost 2.40 Intrigue cost (yearly) 0.04 All out Cost 4.00 Less: Estimated deals continues 2 lacking squares 0.65 6 town houses 4.80 2 living arrangement town houses 0.68 All out Sales 6.13 Assessed Profit (Total Sales-Total Cost) 2.13 (Source: Created by creator) Calculation on costs and expected pay from Melbourne property reflected anticipated salary, in this manner the siblings are qualified to pay charge on inco

Study Abroad - Student and Parent Perspectives - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Study Abroad - Student and Parent Perspectives - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Study Abroad Student and Parent Perspectives This May, my daughter Amelia (rising junior majoring in International Affairs and Political Science and applying for the Double Dawgs program in Public Administration) participated in a month long Study Abroad program in Stellenbosch, South Africa. She was able to learn more about the political systems in Africa, and as well get an understanding of the social issues in post-apartheid South Africa. Study Abroad is a very different experience for the student and parent, so here is a look at that balance. (AG is Amelia, while DG is me). Favorite part of the study abroad experience? AG) I really enjoyed the service learning aspect when working with 8th graders in Kayamandi township at Makapula High School. I was able to get very close to four of the students, and to get to see what they are learning in school. The students humorous nature and getting to dance with them (two of the students were on the school dance team) were a highlight of my day. This particular study abroad program allowed our group to become immersed in the culture of a South African township and to understand the issues facing these students. This was very different from being a student/tourist going abroad. DG) If I say it got her out of the house for another month, I would get in trouble, so it is definitely not that! Really though, we were excited that Amelia was going to see more of the world, and get a deep dive into another culture. As Mark Twain said, Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness, and many of our people need it sorely on these accounts. Broad, wholesome, charitable views of men and things cannot be acquired by vegetating in one little corner of the earth all ones lifetime. Scariest part of the experience? AG) The scariest part of the trip was taking part in the Victoria Falls Gorge Swing. This is a massive two person tandem swing that is next to Victoria Falls, and it has a 70 meter drop down into the gorge to start the swing. I went with Molly P., a UGA student who I met on the trip and became good friends over the course of the study abroad experience. Both of us were somewhat afraid of heights, so taking this plunge was a step. Overall, the experience, along with the beauty of Victoria Falls, was worth the initial fear. DG) When your child is 8,094 miles from you, everything is a little scary. Is she sick, is she eating right, is she studying, etc. We knew this was a great program put on by UGA, but there were still worries in the back of your mind. But after a few days, the worries went away and we were more jealous of her opportunities. Of course, I did not know about her walking with lions and feeding elephants until after the fact, so my nerves were saved on that day. What was your biggest learning moment? AG) My biggest learning experience was understanding the difference in normative vs. positive development. Our group learned that you should not go into a new location thinking you have all the answers or believing you can solve all the issues based on your prior experience. Instead, you should listen to what the peoples ideas and needs truly are, and then go from there in trying to give assistance. Too many times, volunteers rush in and think their Western world point of view can solve any problem, and dont take the time to actually learn what is actually needed. Dr. Crepaz and Dr. Finlay were wonderful leaders, who guided us with our understanding of the country but also had a hands off approach to allow us to experience the culture and country on our own. DG) The biggest parental learning moment was that our youngest child could handle things herself, and she was doing okay (actually great) without us. I think this taught her a great deal about handling things without us as a resource, and she will do great things when she graduates from UGA. Your suggestions for others? AG) If given the opportunity, students should definitely take advantage of a study abroad experience. It opens your eyes to so many different cultures and viewpoints of other people, and helps to make you more knowledgeable about the world as a whole. DG) For parents, college is the time where you start to let go and allow your student to take on more responsibility. Study Abroad programs are a good stepping stone in that process, as it allows your student to learn more about themselves and others from a global point of view. A big thanks to UGAs Office of Global Engagement, Dr. Crepaz and Dr. Finlay for a great experience! Go Dawgs!

Job Descriptions For Medical Administrative Assistants

Not certain we have hired any medical administrative assistants (Wynant) Providence job description titles: †¢ Patient Relations Representative (PRR) †¢ Billing Scheduling Coordinators Referral Coordinator At Providence the greatest abundance is the PRR position. These positions are aligned close to the MAA position (Wynant). MAA position is called a front office or receptionist (Boreman). Tiffany has some great ideas on how to build partnerships with community industry members. Denise and Tiffany will meet to come up with some ideas moving forward (Caldwell). MAA graduation guide Change as follows – BT113 Business English I or WR115 Introductory to Expository Writing or placement test score. Denise will take graduation guide†¦show more content†¦(Wynant). We need to touch on these tasks. All family practice has Comprehensive Primary Care Plus – CPC + (Boreman). Action Item: †¢ CPC + is a new way insurances are caring for patients (Boreman). Follow up with instructor William Augustine (Concepts in Medical Billing and Coding) to ensure he has CPC + knowledge that he can pass awareness of CPC + onto each student. There is conferences and seminars available on CPC + (Smith, Caldwell, Wynant and Boreman). The medical administrative assistant class we touch on Insurance authorizations, medications, pre-authorizations/ops tasks, which may be touched on in the Legal and Ethical class. These are difficult areas to teach hands-on because every organization is different (Smith, Wynant and Talbott). Will MAA have a practicum? (Boreman) RCC decided not to have a practicum so that MAA would be two terms in the length of course. This program is geared to prepare students for an entry level position and limited patient contact. We offer practicum for certification exams (Smith). Discussion on student job shadowing or off site field trip. This would give students an opportunity to see contrasts in different compound and retail pharmacies, clinics or a smaller private office (Wynant, Smith, and Caldwell). If a student graduate from MAA gets hired in the community, please letShow MoreRelatedMedical Terminology Essay1296 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscussing what medical terminology is, where it came from, and how it is applied to medical assistant careers as well as how it is applied to medical administration careers. I will give examples of the importance of medical terminology and specific examples of where medical careers use medical terminology on a day to day basis. I will also give a brief summary and definition of what medical terminology stands for. After reading my paper you should have a good concept of medical terminology’s importanceRead MoreEssay about Medical Assistant vs Licensed Practical Nurse596 Words   |  3 PagesThe medical field is one of the fastest occupations in the world. 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The accounting conservatism principle - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2529 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? In this paper we analyze the relationship between the accounting conservatism principle and the effects of this principle in the Dutch banking sector during the economic crisis. We will focus on several financial institutions and other companies that subsequently performed well or disastrous. The main theme of our research paper is a investigation of economic consequences in the accounting science. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The accounting conservatism principle" essay for you Create order We will discuss an accounting principle and then investigate the effects that this principle has on certain economic events. The sub theme of our paper is a further investigation of the well-known and the important accounting conservatism principle. We will use the conservatism principle to make a new analysis by researching this principle and its effects on the functioning of several Dutch financial institutions during this state of negative economic dynamics. 1.2 Relevance The main focus of this paper is to further investigate a relevant and well acknowledged sub topic in the accounting science, considering the multitude of previous scientific papers and our own interests we have chosen for the accounting conservatism principle. A brief definition of this accounting principle is: A accounting guideline that understates assets and revenues and overstates liabilities and expenses. (Dictionary of Accounting Terms, 4th edition, Joel G. Spiegel, Jae K. Shim) This means that expenses should be recognized directly while revenues should be recognized when its verifiable that will be realized. The conservatism principle holds that in reporting the financial statements a more pessimistic picture (understate) than a optimistic picture (overstate) will be described, due to this principle there is less chance of users of financial information being hurt by relying on prepared financial statements. The accounting conservatism principle in of the most important pri nciples in the accounting profession and science, Basu (1997,8) states that conservatism has influenced the accounting practice for more than 500 years. Watts (2003) wrote in his paper conservatism in accounting, that there is a great scientific benefit in further researching the accounting conservatism principle. In our opinion it would be a great opportunity to further explore the effects of this important and long lasting principle in combination with the recent financial crisis. The recent financial crisis emerged in 2007 and at the moment of writing the effects and economic consequences is still visible and active in todays business world. We will briefly introduce this recent financial crisis in order to provide the necessary heuristics to the neutral reader. Due to various aspects this crisis has emerged and evolved and left its footmarks on the entire business world. We will discuss the important aspects that created the crisis and have made the crisis more sustainable th at are given by several economic experts. First of all the financial crisis came into existence in the United States in the end of 2007. The most important cause of the financial crisis are the reckless and unsustainable lending practices of several top banks in the US  [1]  . Various US top banks sold financial products with high risk to their customers, especially real estate mortgages. These mortgages where covered by securities, which had risks that were hard to estimate. A reaction to a more broad credit boom, increase in oil and food prices was a speculative bubble in real estate and equities, which served to reinforce the risky lending practices.  [2]  The emergence of high risk loan losses was the beginning of a financial crisis in 2007. In consequence of the loan losses and the fall of Lehman Brothers in September 2008 a financial panic brakes out. As result of massive declines in stock rates and real estate prices several large investment institutions and banks in both Europe and the United States came in serious financial trouble and some of them went bankrupt. This worldwide crisis has caused several economic consequences like; rapidly increasing unemployment rates, a decline of commodity prices, a fall of international trade and of the most important consequences of all is a lack of trust of public in financial institutions, banks and the public began to set question marks on management policies, strategies and ethical behaviour. The general consensus of economists is that this crisis is going to be the worst since the Great Depression of 1930 and that complete recovery of the market will be accomplished somewhere near 2010/2011  [3]  4. This global phenomenon is the basis for a lot of scientist and practitioners to investigate the causes, results, possible prevention methods and the way to structure these financial institutions in a way that such economic crisis could be prevented in the future. In our research we will focus on the ca uses of the economic crisis, we will mention some of them while others that are more significant for our research will be presented more elaborately. Some practitioners and researchers claim that these are the main causes of the financial crisis: increase of oil prices, weakened regulation activities by the government, improper and inadequate functioning of CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank Alan Greenspan and over-leveraging (credit default swaps and collaterized debt obligations). To introduce our research question, we will further investigate one of the causes namely over-leveraging because this specific cause is of importance for our research. A lot of banks and investors miscalculated the level of inherent risk in the unregulated Collateralized debt obligation and Credit Default Swap markets. In this way banks and investors were able to take advantage of low interest rates and borrow huge sums of money that they only could pay back if the housing market continued to increase in va lue.  [5]  Banks were highly dependent on future earnings such as the profits they assumed to make of the mortgages, what they didnt take into consideration is the fact that much of these mortgages carried a lot of risks and that the earnings were not verifiable and realized. So they overstated their future earnings and they massively pursued an optimistic view which led to an overstatement of their earnings. So having said this we know can see that the accounting conservatism principle was not applied by these banks. Having enriched ourselves with this information we were very interested in investigating why accounting conservatism which dominates as a solid theory for many years and is incorporated in the accounting regulations and in many scientific literature has not been applied in the banking sector. Our research question thus states; What is the reason that the accounting conservatism principle didnt succeed in the Dutch banking sector? This research paper will b e especially of importance and value for practionners, financial analysts, accounting students and other generally interested readers. Practioners and scientists like Basu, Watts, Dietrich, Riedl, Mcleay and Raonic did an investigation in the relationship between accounting conservatism and for instance stock returns, but they do not investigate the relationship between accounting conservatism and the effects on the financial sector during a recession. Our research is unique because it is the first research of the accounting principle and the effects and relation on the Dutch banking sector during the recent (2007-2010/11) financial crisis. To measure the effects of accounting conservatism in relation with the performance of the Dutch banks during the recession. Literature review In this part of the paper we are going to study and present several scientific papers of well-acknowledged practitioners. We will define the accounting conservatism principle and we will view this principle from the point of view of different scholars and further more we will discuss the importance of the accounting conservatism principle and its effects on different business ratios. Accounting Conservatism Conservatism is defined as the differential verifiability required to recognize profits versus losses. (Watts,2003) Watts stated that conservatism is the asymmetrical verification requirement for gains and losses. It means there is a difference in verification requirements for recognizing gains and losses. The asymmetrical verification interpretation is incorporated in the definition of Watts as differential verifiability. Conservatism also has an extreme form this form is also referred to as the traditional conservatism adage: anticipate no profit, but anticipate all losses (Bliss, 1924) This means that a company should not recognize profits before there is a legal claim to the revenues generating them and that the revenues are verifiable. All losses should be recognized by the company even when they arent completely verifiable. Basu interpreted the conservatism adage as: the accountants tendency to require a higher degree of verification to recognize good news as gains than to recognize bad news as losses. He deducted this interpretation from several accounting concepts, procedures and principles. For instance, the Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts ( SFAC) No.2 (FASB, 1980) paragraph 95 states: if two estimates of amounts to be received or paid in the future are about equally likely, conservatism dictates using the less optimistic estimate. He also mentioned some conservatism examples in the Accounting Research Board(ARB). ARB 45 states: a company should immediately recognize changes in cost estimates if they result in future expected losses on long-term contracts, but not if they result in increased future profits. Thus conservatism results in a greater probability of timely accounting recognition of bad news than for good news. (Basu, 1997) An alternative definition of accounting conservatism is of Belkaoui (1985). He claims that conservatism implies that preferably the lowest values of assets and revenues and the highest values of liabilit ies and expenses should be reported More broadly this means that accountants prefer accounting methods that lead to lower reported values for shareholders. To explain the roots of the accounting conservatism principle we will discuss the historical developments, theories and explanations of conservatism. The influence of conservatism on the accounting practice has been for centuries. Basu argued that this principle significantly influenced the accounting practice for at least 500 years.(Basu,1997) Historical records from trading deals in the 15th century show that accounting in medieval Europe waws In our opinion the traditional accounting conservatism adage is not suitable for our research, in todays economic environment it would to extreme to think that one managing a company could apply this traditional principle. The first definition of Watts is the most suitable for our research because it is the broadest, simple and it captures in a glance the fundamentals of the acco unting conservatism principle. Literature table: Paper Title Author Object of study Sample(size, country, period) Methodology Conclusion 1 Conservatism in Accounting Part I: Explanations and Implications Ross L. Watts Examination of alternative explanations for conservatism in accounting and their implications for accounting regulators. This paper is based on existing literature(literature study), thus there is no test information included, September 2003 This paper studies conservatism in accounting and is divided in two parts. The first Part discusses explanations for conservatism and draws implications for regulation and standard setting. The paper draws a general contracting explanation for conservatism and predicts that other contracts employed within the firm, will also generate conservatism. It offers also a new argument: that an information perspective produces conservatism once the information costs of changed managerial behavior are introduced even without contracting considerations. The main conclusion of this paper is that conservatism is essential. Managers will bias and noise value estimates, because there is a lack of verifiability, managers have limited tenures and limited liabilitys. If regulators want to improve financial reporting, they must recognize the importance of verification, problems that conservatisms asymmetric requirement evolved to address and regulators should concentrate on the accountings core competence. 2 Conservatism in Accounting Part II: Evidence and Research Opportunities Ross L. Watts Summary of the empirical evidence on conservatism, its consistency with alternative explanations, and opportunities for future research. This paper is based on existing literature(literature study), thus there is no test information included, September 2003 This is Part II of the literature study of conservatism in accounting. This part summarizes the empirical evidence on the existence of conservatism. Ross L. Watts elaborates se veral measurements for conservatism, draws evidences on alternative conservatism explanations and on non-conservatism explanations. Further this article discusses some research opportunities. In this paper the writer concludes that existing evidence for accounting conservatism is most consistent with the contracting and litigation explanations. Further the writer concludes there is a reason to believe that the four explanations for conservatism (contracting, litigation, tax and regulation) are not independent. Also conservatism is driven by a concern with overpayment by contracting parties, courts and government and this principle will not exclude earnings management or abandonment options. 3 The conservatism principle and the asymmetric timeliness of earnings Sudipta Basu Re-examination of the conservatism principle. Investigation of the effects of the conservatism principle on reported financial statements. The samples implemented for the test in this paper consi st of all firm-year observations from 1963 -1990 with returns data on the center for research in security prices NYSE/AMEX monthly files, and with necessary accounting data on the compustat annual industrial and research files. (United States). The paper extends research on the timeliness of earnings by pointing out that the timelines is asymmetrically greater for bad news than for goods news. S. Basu states that in efficient markets, stock returns symmetrically and quickly reflect all publicly available news, so he uses returns to measure news. The research of the conservatism principle is based on four predictions. For the first prediction: earnings is more timely or concurrently sensitive in reflecting publicly available bad news than good news the researcher used negative and positive unexpected annual stock returns to proxy for bad news and good news. For the other three predictions S.Basu used empirical tests. S. Basu investigated the effects of the conservatism principl e on reported financial statements and interprets conservatism as resulting in earnings reflecting bad news more quickly than good news. He indicated that the concurrent sensitivity of earnings to negative returns is two to six times as large as the concurrent sensitivity of earnings to positive returns and he also showed that positive earnings changes tend to persist whereas negative earnings changes show a marked tendency to reverse. The conclusion of this paper is that earnings are timelier in reporting publicly available bad news about future cash flows than good news. 4 Discussion of Conditional and Unconditional Conservatism: Concepts and Modeling Sudipta Basu Algebraically model, simulate and graph the effects of various factors on the nonlinear earnings-return relation induced by conditional conservatism. 2005 5 The Timeliness of Income Recognition by European Companies: An analysis of Institutional and Market Complexity Ivana Raonic, Stuart McLeay, I oannis Asimakopoulos Analyze of the asymmetric timeliness of income recognition of good and bad news in the earnings of 366 European firms between 1987 and 1999 2004 6 Discussion of The Timeliness of Income Recognition by European Companies: An analysis of Institutional and Market Complexity Bill Rees 2004 7 Asymmetric timeliness of accounting conservatism J. R. Dietrich, K. A. Muller III, E. J. Riedl Research on the relationship between earnings and stock returns to examine whether bad news is incorporated into earnings on a more timely basis than good news. 2007 8 International Differences in the Timeliness, Conservatism, and Classification of Earnings Peter F. Pope , Martin Walker ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€š Analyze of the differences in the timeliness of income recognition between the U.S. and U.K. GAAP financial reporting regimes 1999 9 Econometrics of the Basu Asymmteric Timeliness Coefficient and The Accounting Conservati sm. (Working Paper) Ray Ball, S. P. Kothari, Valeri Nikolaev Analysis of the econometrics of the Basu asymmetric timeliness coefficient. The analysis addresses the conceptual and econometric challenges to the measure raised in the recent literature. First Draft : May 2006, Current version April 2009

Mest Profile Essay Free Essays

Com-101-024 February 24, 2013 The smell of molding laundry always filled the air at my cousin Rachel’s old Blue Island house. As we walked down the dark, narrow, creaking stairs, we all knew weren’t allowed down there but we somehow always stumbled down into the basement where my much older cousin Joey’s room and hang out was. He was rarely home when my sister Haley and I slept over, so all three of us would rummage through his things. We will write a custom essay sample on Mest Profile Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now We were always told not to even come close to touching his band equipment but we never really listened to that. We later found out about a man named Tony Lovato, my cousin’s semi-good friend with whom he jammed out with every once in a while. Many know of this man as the lead singer to the band Mest, a pop-punk band that was founded in 1995. Even though he had a good position in the music field he didn’t quite have that same outcome with his past. This musician seemed to have had a rather offensive taste of peers when he was younger. When Lovato was 13 he was involved in a white supremacist band called Confederate Storm, here is where he started his music career as a drummer. Although he didn’t join the band because he was racist, he definitely grew into the crowd. Before Tony Lovato moved to Blue Island he lived in a predominately black neighborhood, where he had an African American girlfriend. He had stated that the other band members originally became skin heads because it was the fashion statement at the time, after a while the sub-culture’s racism influenced their music and lifestyles. After a few years of being in that type of group he decided that it wasn’t right and it wasn’t for him. Apparently the movie American History X strongly inspired these discriminatory individuals because as soon as he left the group he was jumped for befriending those of different races. How to cite Mest Profile Essay, Essays

Ethics and Sustainability for Eradication - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theEthics and Sustainability Analysisfor Poverty Eradication. Answer: Increased poverty is a long-term problem and eradicating the situation has been the key component in development strategies for decades. It is reported that more than 1 billion people around the world live in extreme poverty (Kolezynski 2014, p.1). This implies that one in at least five persons in the developing nations lives on less that $2 each day, millions still make little more than this, and many risks slithering back into poverty (Sustainable Development Goals 2017, p.1). Poverty is associated with more than just the lack of salary and wages and resources to guarantee a sustainable living. Some of the poverty indicators include hunger and undernourishment, restricted access to education, social exclusion and lack of active engagement in decision making which prevent people from being productive. As much as various organizations are putting many efforts to eradicate poverty, it is in itself the biggest global challenge, and there is an immense need to end poverty in every dimen sion of sustainable development to realize the Millennium Development Goals. Main Environmental Elements The environment greatly matters to the people living in abject poverty. The perceptions of the well-being of the people living in poverty are strongly associated with the environment in terms of their susceptibility, livelihoods, health, and empowerment to improve their lives. The environmental changes affect the poor in three core manifestations of poverty namely: the livelihood, well-being, and susceptibility. The poor tend to rely heavily on the environment and the direct use of natural resources for their livelihoods and food security e.g. agriculture, fishing, and livestock farming ((Shah 2013, p.1). As a result, they are mostly affected when the environment is degraded, and their accessibility to natural resources is restricted. More than one-fifth of the diseases burden in the developing countries is connected with the environmental risk elements. The poor men, women, and children tend to suffer the most when the water bodies, land, and air are polluted contributing to a major cause of deteriorating well-being and health issues in developing nations. Undernourishment which stems from food insecurities is the primary source of disease burden. It is, therefore, evident that the environment in which people live is directly linked to the society's health and well-being. When it comes to susceptibility, the poor people are mostly exposed to environmental perils and related conflicts and are not capable of coping when these events happen (Narloch 2014, p.1). The issue of climate change, for example, means that the weather conditions are expected to become more deplorable and severe. These events will severely affect those living in developing world since their capability to adapt is limited. These factors prompted us to evaluate the relationship between empowerment and the environment and how it impacts the poor people and the efforts to reduce poverty levels. The environment is susceptible to the effects of poverty and ignoring the sustainability of growth li mits the development and aggravates poverty levels. It is, therefore, vital to eliminate poverty through effective management of the global resources. Critical Social Elements Poverty is perceived as a social issue that is a profoundly entrenched injury that pervades every direction and form of the society and culture. Social discrimination forms an integral part of the social elements of the conception of poverty. This element is a multidimensional process. Social discrimination leads an individuals ability to actively engage in social, economic, cultural, and political life developments and relationships with others. This affects the quality of life of the people and the equity of the society as a whole. The income, basic requirements, and empowerment perspectives are some of the principles developed to understand the concept of poverty (Fao n.d, p.3).Employment is one key factor that creates an opening to understanding the concept of poverty. Jobs are fundamental to helping the poor people in evading poverty. However, rising complications from poverty interfere with those seeking to acquire employment. Increased development is present in many parts of t he world holds a promise for those seeking employment, yet, those living in poverty find it hard to take advantage this opportunity. All in all, the employment environment is meant to be conducive and offer fair wage otherwise the opportunities provided will worsen the problem. Economic Elements Lack of jobs that pay fair wages increased healthcare costs; inadequate education, increased income gap, increased economic globalization and its adverse impact on workers are some of the factors that go hand in hand with poverty. A key challenge for the developing nations is to create an empowering environment that makes their economies attractive for foreign investors. Economic growth is therefore regarded as one of the most powerful elements for alleviating poverty and enhancing the quality of life of the people in the developing world (Shah 2013, p.1). There is a great need for innovation and strong effectiveness in mobilizing domestic resources with a special emphasis on the linkages to eradicating poverty and improving economy growth. In this context, a robust financial structure is essential for economic and social growth. Necessary measures must be taken into account to establish a solid fiscal policy that allows organizations to enter the market and operate efficiently and a lso help restructure enterprises to function effectively in the domestic and international markets. With respect to those living in poverty who work in informal economic sectors, there is need to engage them in the formal financial segment. Two Major Ethical Problems Connected with Poverty Eradication The principle of ethics studies the nature and extent of just and social institutions at the inmost level of examination. The ethics of poverty refers to the basic arguments used to justify the process of empowering poor people. Poverty and inequality have been concerns of progression economics (Barrientos et.al 2016, p.12). Alleviating poverty and improving the extreme levels of inequality boosts economic growth. Poverty and inequality are not just considered as an economic challenge but are ethical issues (Barrientos et.al 2016, p.12). Minimizing poverty levels is reinforced by equal access to quality education and a fair society to enable every individual with an education to have more options to fulfil their aspirations. Access to education and a fair society promotes economic growth as well as ensure human dignity. These issues call upon the wisdom of ethical responsibility. The concept of equality refers to that which is owed or is due to a person. This principle also proposes that the society has an obligation to those in severe need and all people have a role to play to those in need. Thus, every person is entitled to fair access to resources for their livelihoods. In addition, decisions concerning the allocation of resources should be based upon the quality of persons. Also, the extreme income gap in the developing nations is alarming which tends to corrode the social cohesion. Social cohesion is concerned as a sense of trust between individuals that are unfamiliar with each other (Komatsu 2015, p.1). An effective social cohesion is important to the society to enable it to function properly and for people to maximize their efficiencies and livelihoods. Ethical Problems on the Relevant Ethical Theory From the above discussion, it will be incomplete to offer explanations as to why poverty associated with income gaps and unequal distribution of wealth occurs. As such, there is need to take on board two ethical variables namely: the libertarian and utilitarian theories. The libertarian theory of poverty which expounds on the unequal distribution of incomes and wealth is varied but puts emphasis on rights. According to Nozick, he describes the libertarian theory of distribution to hold that people possess the Lockean rights (Corlett 2016, p.19-21). Acknowledgment of these rights poses side limits on how people should behave towards other persons so that everyone remains responsible for his or her own unique livelihood without being coerced by others (Zwolinski 2015, p. 522). This can only be realized through the theory of economic justice which ensures that each person own personal properties, goods, assets, and money that have been acquired fairly. Persons are also allowed to dispos e of their assets as they chose unless an individual had a previous attachment to them due to the breach of the Lockean rights (Zwolinski 2015, p. 520-522). Significant to the entitlement principle of economic distribution is how the assets and properties are obtained. For example, when a person legitimately owns a property, then the economic distribution is fair. Property rights are derived from a person's moral rights over social and legitimate structures established by the society. The utilitarianism theory proposes that with the maximization of individual happiness it should be determined what is just and unjust actions. It may not be easy to identify the activity that will enhance comfort for the need of a consistent standard of utility (Sheng 2012, p.15). An unclear standard of equality, there emanates conflicts as to how to examine the principles becomes inevitable. In understanding the concept of wealth distribution, it is important to ask the question as to whether it is fair that competent employees should be granted higher compensations that their less capable colleagues. While looking at the justice viewpoint, this is not applicable. It is clear that the society receives more from the more efficient and competent worker whose services are considered useful and thus the society owes him/her a high return. The social utility has the capacity to choose the preferences when random differences between the equally reasonable reactions were to be shunned (She ng 2012, p.26). Therefore, the utilitarian theory is crucial for resolving the challenges that arise between the rival doctrines of equality. Major Threat and Opportunities Poverty eradication has the chance of creating opportunities for businesses. These opportunities include acquiring more skilled workers and increased innovativeness. When poor people are empowered economically, socially, and culturally, they become more healthy and educated, and businesses have a wide range of skilled employees to choose from. Also, reliable access to education allows people to become more knowledgeable, efficient, innovative and competent which are some of the valuable assets to any business when recruiting to help improve their companys overall performance. In contrast, the major threat to businesses is that they may be reluctant to recruit highly skilled workers. Businesses in developed countries are used to acquiring low-skilled workers with low incomes. As such, when people become more literate and skilled, their skill levels are improved thereby demand high wages which most businesses may find to drain them financially. Ethical and Sustainability Solution to the Problems That Underpin Poverty Eradication Alleviating poverty is the main topic of the Agenda 21. Chapter 3 of the Agenda 21, states that poverty is a complex, multifaceted challenge with sources in the national and international spheres (Liu, Yu and Wang 2015, p.71). There seems to be no consistent solution that can be developed for global application. Instead, state-specific programs should be established eradicate poverty, worldwide efforts must be enhanced to support the national efforts, and the parallel process of building a supportive global environment are significant solutions to this problem. There are various factors that hinder poverty reduction including environmental degradation and resources inequality. Energy, for example, is an essential element for sustainable development and poverty alleviation. The relationship between energy and development is significant to reduce poverty since it is linked to human requirement and various aspects of development like education, health, and poverty. Renewable energy tech nology is one of the energy projects contributing to sustainability (Liu, Yu and Wang 2015, p.69). This project helps to improve the environmental, economic, and social parameters including developing skills especially for the local people and offering opportunities for businesses. Ethical resource creation and allocation are crucial from the selfishness of the rich outlook. Participating in ethics screening serves as a yardstick for the engagement in the business of poverty alleviation through resource creation by all parties involved. List of References Barrientos, A., Abdulai, A., Demirag, D., Groot, R., and Ragno, L. P. 2016. Why Assist People Lining in Poverty? The ethics of poverty reduction. https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/IWP_2016_27.pdf. Accessed on 19 May 2017 Corlett, J.A. ed., 2016. Equality and liberty: analyzing Rawls and Nozick. Springer. Fao. n.d. better forestry, less poverty: a practitioners guide. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0645e/a0645e05.pdf. Accessed on 19 May 2017 Kolezynski, C. 2014. Sustainability Decreases Poverty.https://borgenproject.org/sustainability-decreases-poverty/. Accessed on 19 May 2017 Komatsu, T. 2015. Poverty and Inequality: Our Ethical Challenges. https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/responses/poverty-and-inequality-our-ethical-challenges. Accessed on 19 May 2017 Liu, Q.Q., Yu, M. and Wang, X.L., 2015. Poverty reduction within the framework of SDGs and Post-2015 Development Agenda. Advances in Climate Change Research, 6(1), pp.67-73. Narloch, U. 2014. Sustainable poverty reduction and green growth. https://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/sustainable-poverty-reduction-and-green-growth. Accessed on 19 May 2017 Shah, A. 2013. Poverty Facts and Stats. https://www.globalissues.org/article/26/poverty-facts-and-stats. Accessed on 19 May 2017 Sheng, C.L., 2012.A new approach to utilitarianism: A unified utilitarian theory and its application to distributive justice (Vol. 5). Springer Science Business Media. Sustainable Development Goals. 2017. Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/poverty/. Accessed on 19 May 2017 Zwolinski, M., 2015. Property rights, coercion, and the welfare state: The libertarian case for a basic income for all. The Independent Review, 19(4), pp.515-529.